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Everything about Water Data Page totally explainedThis page provides supplementary chemical data on water.
Structure and properties
| Structure and properties |
| Index of refraction, nD |
1.333 at 20 °C |
| Dielectric constant |
88.00 ε0 at 0 °C 86.04 ε0 at 5 °C 84.11 ε0 at 10 °C 82.22 ε0 at 15 °C 80.36 ε0 at 20 °C 78.54 ε0 at 25 °C 76.75 ε0 at 30 °C 75.00 ε0 at 35 °C 73.28 ε0 at 40 °C 71.59 ε0 at 45 °C 69.94 ε0 at 50 °C 66.74 ε0 at 60 °C 63.68 ε0 at 70 °C 60.76 ε0 at 80 °C 57.98 ε0 at 90 °C 55.33 ε0 at 100 °C |
| Bond strength |
492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy |
| Bond length |
95.87 pm (equilibrium) (Cook 1974) |
| Bond angle |
103.9° (equilibrium) (Cook 1974) |
| Magnetic susceptibility |
–9.04 x 10–6 volume SI units |
Thermodynamic properties
| Phase behavior |
| Triple point |
273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa |
| Critical point |
647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa |
Std enthalpy change of fusion, ΔfusHo |
6.01 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of fusion, ΔfusSo |
22.0 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvapHo |
40.68 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of vaporization, ΔvapSo |
108.9 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of sublimation, ΔsubHo |
46.70 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of sublimation, ΔsubSo |
130.9 J/(mol·K) |
| Molal freezing point constant |
–1.858 °C kg/mol |
| Molal boiling point constant |
0.512 °C kg/mol |
| Solid properties |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfHosolid |
−291.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, Sosolid |
41 J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, cp |
12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C |
| Liquid properties |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfHoliquid |
−285.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, Soliquid |
69.95 J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, cp |
75.97 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 75.42 J/(mol K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) at 100 °C |
| Gas properties |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfHogas |
−241.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, Sogas |
188.84 J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, cp |
36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
| Heat capacity, cv |
27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity ratio, γ = cp/cv |
1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C |
| van der Waals' constants |
a = 553.6 L² kPa/mol² b = 0.03049 liter per mole |
Liquid Physical Properties
| Velocity of sound in water |
| c in distilled water at 25 °C |
1498 m/s |
| c at other temperatures |
1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C |
| Density |
| 0.99984 g/cm³ at 0 °C |
0.98804 g/cm³ at 50 °C |
| 0.99997 g/cm³ at 4 °C |
0.98570 g/cm³ at 55 °C |
| 0.99996 g/cm³ at 5 °C |
0.98321 g/cm³ at 60 °C |
| 0.99970 g/cm³ at 10 °C |
0.98056 g/cm³ at 65 °C |
| 0.99910 g/cm³ at 15 °C |
0.97778 g/cm³ at 70 °C |
| 0.99820 g/cm³ at 20 °C |
0.97486 g/cm³ at 75 °C |
| 0.99704 g/cm³ at 25 °C |
0.97180 g/cm³ at 80 °C |
| 0.99564 g/cm³ at 30 °C |
0.96862 g/cm³ at 85 °C |
| 0.99403 g/cm³ at 35 °C |
0.96531 g/cm³ at 90 °C |
| 0.99221 g/cm³ at 40 °C |
0.96189 g/cm³ at 95 °C |
| 0.99022 g/cm³ at 45 °C |
0.95835 g/cm³ at 100 °C |
| Viscosity |
| η = 1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C |
η = 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C |
| η = 1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C |
η = 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C |
| η = 1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C |
η = 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C |
| η = 1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C |
η = 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C |
| η = 1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C |
η = 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C |
| η = 0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C |
η = 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C |
| η = 0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C |
η = 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C |
| η = 0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C |
η = 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C |
| η = 0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C |
η = 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C |
| η = 0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C |
η = 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C |
|
η = 0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C |
| Surface tension |
| 75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C |
69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C |
| 74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C |
68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C |
| 74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C |
67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C |
| 73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C |
66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C |
| 72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C |
64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C |
| 71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C |
62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C |
| 71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C |
60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C |
| 70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C |
58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C |
Water/steam equilibrium properties
Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:
» :log 10( P) = A − B / ( T – C)
where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in k Pa, and T is temperature in kelvins.
for T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1
for T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1
» :
| Steam Table |
| Temp. |
Pressure |
H of liquid |
ΔvapH |
ΔvapW |
ρ of vapor |
| 0 °C |
0.612 kPa |
0.00 J/g |
2496.5 J/g |
126.0 J/g |
0.004845 kg/m³ |
| 10 °C |
1.227 kPa |
42.0 J/g |
2473.5 J/g |
130.5 J/g |
0.009398 kg/m³ |
| 20 °C |
2.536 kPa |
83.8 J/g |
2450.9 J/g |
135.1 J/g |
0.01728 kg/m³ |
| 30 °C |
4.242 kPa |
125.6 J/g |
2427.9 J/g |
139.7 J/g |
0.03036 kg/m³ |
| 40 °C |
7.370 kPa |
167.2 J/g |
2404.9 J/g |
144.2 J/g |
0.05107 kg/m³ |
| 50 °C |
12.33 kPa |
209.0 J/g |
2381.4 J/g |
148.7 J/g |
0.08285 kg/m³ |
| 60 °C |
19.90 kPa |
250.8 J/g |
2357.6 J/g |
153.0 J/g |
0.1300 kg/m³ |
| 70 °C |
31.15 kPa |
292.7 J/g |
2332.9 J/g |
157.3 J/g |
0.1979 kg/m³ |
| 80 °C |
46.12 kPa |
334.6 J/g |
2307.7 J/g |
161.5 J/g |
0.2931 kg/m³ |
| 90 °C |
70.10 kPa |
376.6 J/g |
2282.6 J/g |
165.5 J/g |
0.4232 kg/m³ |
| 100 °C |
101.32 kPa |
419.0 J/g |
2256.3 J/g |
169.4 J/g |
0.5974 kg/m³ |
| 110 °C |
143.27 kPa |
460.8 J/g |
2229.5 J/g |
173.1 J/g |
0.8264 kg/m³ |
| 120 °C |
198.50 kPa |
503.2 J/g |
2201.4 J/g |
176.7 J/g |
1.121 kg/m³ |
| 130 °C |
270.13 kPa |
545.8 J/g |
2172.5 J/g |
180.2 J/g |
1.497 kg/m³ |
| 140 °C |
361.4 kPa |
588.5 J/g |
2142.8 J/g |
183.2 J/g |
1.967 kg/m³ |
| 150 °C |
476.0 kPa |
631.5 J/g |
2111.8 J/g |
186.1 J/g |
2.548 kg/m³ |
| 160 °C |
618.1 kPa |
674.7 J/g |
2080.0 J/g |
188.7 J/g |
3.263 kg/m³ |
| 170 °C |
792.0 kPa |
718.5 J/g |
2047.0 J/g |
190.6 J/g |
4.023 kg/m³ |
| 180 °C |
1002.7 kPa |
762.5 J/g |
2012.2 J/g |
192.8 J/g |
5.165 kg/m³ |
| 190 °C |
1254.9 kPa |
807.0 J/g |
1975.8 J/g |
194.5 J/g |
6.402 kg/m³ |
| 200 °C |
1554.3 kPa |
851.9 J/g |
1937.3 J/g |
195.6 J/g |
7.868 kg/m³ |
| 210 °C |
1907.9 kPa |
897.5 J/g |
1897.5 J/g |
196.3 J/g |
9.606 kg/m³ |
| 221.1 °C |
2369.8 kPa |
948.5 J/g |
1850.2 J/g |
196.6 J/g |
11.88 kg/m³ |
| 229.4 °C |
2769.6 kPa |
987.9 J/g |
1812.5 J/g |
196.2 J/g |
13.87 kg/m³ |
| 240.6 °C |
3381.1 kPa |
1040.6 J/g |
1759.4 J/g |
195.1 J/g |
16.96 kg/m³ |
| 248.9 °C |
3904.1 kPa |
1040.6 J/g |
1715.8 J/g |
193.7 J/g |
19.66 kg/m³ |
| 260.0 °C |
4695.9 kPa |
1134.8 J/g |
1653.9 J/g |
190.8 J/g |
23.84 kg/m³ |
| 271.1 °C |
5603.4 kPa |
1195.9 J/g |
1586.5 J/g |
186.9 J/g |
28.83 kg/m³ |
| 279.4 °C |
6366.5 kPa |
1240.7 J/g |
1532.5 J/g |
183.3 J/g |
33.18 kg/m³ |
| 290.6 °C |
7506.2 kPa |
1302.3 J/g |
1456.3 J/g |
177.4 J/g |
39.95 kg/m³ |
| 298.9 °C |
8463.9 kPa |
1350.0 J/g |
1394.8 J/g |
172.2 J/g |
45.93 kg/m³ |
| 310.0 °C |
9878.0 kPa |
1415.7 J/g |
1307.7 J/g |
164.2 J/g |
55.25 kg/m³ |
| 321.1 °C |
11461 kPa |
1483.9 J/g |
1212.7 J/g |
154.5 J/g |
66.58 kg/m³ |
| 329.4 °C |
12785 kPa |
1537.9 J/g |
1133.2 J/g |
145.6 J/g |
76.92 kg/m³ |
| 340.6 °C |
14727 kPa |
1617.9 J/g |
1007.6 J/g |
130.9 J/g |
94.25 kg/m³ |
| 348.9 °C |
16331 kPa |
1687.0 J/g |
892.0 J/g |
117.0 J/g |
111.5 kg/m³ |
| 360.0 °C |
18682 kPa |
1797.0 J/g |
694.0 J/g |
91.0 J/g |
145.3 kg/m³ |
| 371.1 °C |
21349 kPa |
1968.3 J/g |
365.0 J/g |
47.0 J/g |
214.5 kg/m³ |
| 374.4 °C |
22242 kPa |
2151.2 J/g |
0 J/g |
0 J/g |
306.8 kg/m³ |
| Temp. |
Pressure |
H of liquid |
ΔvapH |
ΔvapW |
ρ of vapor |
Data in the table above is given for water-steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in k Pa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the PV work done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Melting point of ice at various pressures
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p2390
| Pressure kPa |
Temp. °C |
| 101.325 |
0.0 |
| 32950 |
–2.5 |
| 60311 |
–5.0 |
| 87279 |
–7.5 |
| 113267 |
–10.0 |
| 138274 |
–12.5 |
| 159358 |
–15.0 |
| 179952 |
–17.5 |
| 200251 |
–20.0 |
| 215746 |
–22.1 |
Table of various forms of ice
| Properties of various forms of ice |
Ice form |
Density gr/cm3 |
Crystal structure |
Triple points |
TP Temp °C |
TP Pressure MPa |
| Ih | 0.92 |
hexagonal |
Lq, Vap, Ih |
0.01 |
0.000612
|
| Lq, Ih, III |
−22.0 |
207.5 |
| Ih, II, III |
−34.7 |
212.9 |
| Ic | 0.92 |
cubic |
|
|
|
| II | 1.17 |
rhombohedral |
Ih, II, III |
−34.7 |
212.9
|
| II, III, V |
−24.3 |
344.3 |
| II, V, VI |
−55 (est) |
620 |
| III | 1.14 |
tetragonal |
Lq, Ih, III |
−22.0 |
207.5
|
| Lq, III, V |
−17 |
346.3 |
| Ih, II, III |
−34.7 |
212.9 |
| II, III, V |
−24.3 |
344.3 |
| IV | 1.27 |
rhombohedral |
|
|
|
| V | 1.23 |
monoclinic |
Lq, III, V |
−17 |
346.3
|
| Lq, V, VI |
0.16 |
625.9 |
| II, III, V |
−24.3 |
344.3 |
| II, V, VI |
−55 (est) |
620 |
| VI | 1.31 |
tetragonal |
Lq, V, VI |
0.16 |
625.9
|
| Lq, VI, VII |
81.6 |
2200 |
| II, V, VI |
−55 (est) |
620 |
| VI, VII, VIII |
≈5 |
2100 |
| VII | 1.50 |
cubic |
Lq, VI, VII |
81.6 |
2200
|
| VI, VII, VIII |
≈5 |
2100 |
| VII, VIII, X |
−173 |
62000 |
| VIII | 1.46 |
tetragonal |
VI, VII, VIII |
≈5 |
2100
|
| VII, VIII, X |
−173 |
62000 |
| IX | 1.16 |
tetragonal |
|
|
|
| X | 2.46 |
cubic |
VII, VIII, X |
−173 |
62000
|
| XI‡ | 0.92 |
orthorhombic |
Vap, Ih, XI |
−201.5 |
0 (expected)
|
| XII | 1.29 |
tetragonal |
|
|
|
| XIII | 1.23 |
monoclinic |
|
|
|
| XIV | 1.29 |
orthorhombic |
|
|
|
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained
Phase diagram
Self ionization
| °C | −35 |
0 |
25 |
60 |
300 (~50 MPa)
|
| pKw | 17 |
14.9 |
14.0 |
13.0 |
12
|
» : |
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